Since a direct measurement of the countless flows between firms (and cities) is hardly possible, this method can be used as a proxy for analysing the intensity of knowledge-based flows between office locations and, more generally, between cities in the world economy. We have analysed so-called intra-firm office networks in order to anticipate 'service flows' between cities. Our study has been inspired by the work of the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC), presented in Brita Hermelin's article The Elusive Question of Global Cities and Cities in Networks. It might therefore be time to rethink urban policy-making based on bounded territories and move beyond traditional city borders towards network-focused policies.įor the past three years, Nordregio has sought to grasp the external relations of the Nordic capital regions. Recognising these relations has policy implications. A recent study by Nordregio, for example, shows important connections between the Nordic capital regions and not only cities in the new member states of the EU, but also cities in Central and South America and Asia. Studying Nordic capital regions from such an approach raises questions about established geographical patterns and prevailing mental maps of the networks within which Nordic cities are embedded. Research, however, has stressed global urban analysis, which examines how cities develop through external relations. Their importance has resulted in numerous ranking and benchmarking studies focused on internal conditions and city assets. Cities are important strategic nodes in the global network economy, not least in terms of current policy discussions about city competitiveness.
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